Global Warming Debate Essay

Many  people think that our concern about carbon dioxide and global warming is a modern preoccupation driven by the attention of high-profile personalities, politicians and green activists. But Al Gore did not discover global warming. Nor did Tim Flannery, Peter Garrett, Greenpeace or Malcolm Turnbull. Scientific concern about global warming is not new. A single scientific paper, published more than three decades ago, can place the discussions about climate change into historical perspective. Tomorrow it will be 35 years since the leading science journal Nature published a review paper entitled â€Å"Man-made carbon dioxide and the ‘greenhouse’ effect†, by the eminent atmospheric scientist J. S. Sawyer, director of research at the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. In four pages, Sawyer summarised what was known about the role of carbon dioxide in enhancing the natural greenhouse effect leading to warming at the earth’s surface, and made a remarkable 28-year prediction of the warming expected to the end of the 20th century. His prediction can now be compared with what has been observed. We can also compare his review of the science in the early 1970s with that in the latest (2007) assessment from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. After summarising recent calculations of the likely impact of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on global surface temperature, Sawyer concluded that the â€Å"increase of 25 per cent in carbon dioxide expected by the end of the century therefore corresponds to an increase of 0. degrees in world temperature – an amount somewhat greater than the climatic variations of recent centuries†. Examination of the global surface temperature over the latter part of the 20th century shows that in fact the temperature rose about 0. 5 degrees between the early 1970s and 2000. Considering that global temperatures had, if anything, been falling in the decades leading up to the early 1970s, Sawyer’s accurate prediction of the reversal of this trend, and of the magnitude of the subsequent warming, is perhaps the most remarkable long-range forecast ever made. Sawyer’s succinct summary of the climate change science understood at that time can be compared with the four volumes of the IPCC Fourth Assessment on Climate Change being released through 2007. The IPCC assessment involves more than 400 authors, about 2500 reviewers, and runs to several thousand pages with many thousands of references. Such a comparison shows that much has been done to address the concerns and uncertainties expressed by Sawyer at the time. He was concerned that the rudimentary understanding of cloud processes and other climate system feedback resulted in uncertainties regarding predictions of warming. At the time, climate models were in their infancy, but Sawyer saw them as the best way to examine this feedback and reduce the uncertainties in climate change predictions. Since then, models have improved substantially and now include many more processes in more detail than was possible in the early 1970s, and the various climate processes that may enhance or offset the effects of carbon dioxide have been studied in detail. Despite these advances, our best estimate of the warming to be expected from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has changed little from Sawyer’s time. Our best estimate of the temperature increase that would result from a 25 per cent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations is still around 0. 6 degrees. The scientific consensus of Sawyer’s time was very similar to the scientific consensus in 2007. Of course, better climate models and improved data and analyses have allowed the IPCC to discuss and even project possible changes in many other meteorological variables than could Sawyer, including extreme weather of various kinds as well as sea-level. The IPCC now also looks in detail at regional aspects of climate change – a subject not even considered by Sawyer. Perhaps the greatest difference, however, is the emphasis on the impacts of climate change. While the IPCC assessment devotes a volume to this subject, Sawyer could only conclude, after conceding that climate variations of only a fraction of a degree can have â€Å"considerable economic importance† that â€Å"although there may be no immediate cause for alarm about the consequences of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is certainly need for further study†. Perusal of the IPCC volume devoted to the impacts of climate change on natural and human systems leaves one feeling far less sanguine than Sawyer was 35 years ago. The anniversary of Sawyer’s paper reminds us that the understanding of the effects of carbon dioxide on the global climate was sufficiently advanced 35 years ago to allow an accurate 28-year prediction of warming. Despite claims to the contrary, our understanding of the greenhouse effect and global warming is not reliant on modern climate models and nor is it a modern preoccupation. Nor is it correct to claim that in the 1970s climate scientists were predicting global cooling – Sawyer’s paper accurately predicted exactly the opposite, based on the best science available. Other scientific papers around that time also drew attention to the warming expected from the anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gas emissions.

Woodlawn Case Part 3

Case Part 3 Report for the CFO There are several necessary journal entries that have been made to adjust the unadjusted trial balance. For Allowance for doubtful accounts: 1. In 2009, $ 58,621. 84 was directly written off to bad debt expense reflecting the amounts owed by customers who had gone bankrupt during the year. The journal entry would have been recorded as Dr Bad debt expense 58,621. 84 Cr Account receivable 58,621. 84 To record the uncollectable amount due to customer bankruptcy.The conditions of using the direct write-off method is either for companies in their first year of operations, or for whom uncollectible accounts are immaterial. Woodlawn does not fit either case. Therefore, it is wrong for Woodlawn to use the direct write-off method. The following journal entry is what should have been recorded, Dr Allowance for doubtful account 58,621. 84 Cr Account receivable 58,621. 84 To record the uncollectible amount due to customer bankruptcy. Therefore, the following adjust ed entry is made to correct the write-off of $58,621. 4. Dr. Allowance for doubtful account 58,621. 84 Cr. Bad debt expense 58,621. 84 To record the correction of error made in write-off. 2. Historically, bad debt has averaged out to approximately 1. 5% of revenues. Therefore, we estimate that bad debt in 2009 would be 1. 5% of revenue. The journal entry is the following, Dr. Bad debt expense 20,279. 28* Cr. Allowance for doubtful account20,279. 28 To record the estimated uncollectible amount. *(Calculation: 1. 5%*$1,351,951. 83=20,279. 28) 3. As Tim mentioned that Woodlawn has received $93,256. 1 that’s over 90 days past due since August 31, 2010. There is no journal entry needed to be done, since it had past the fiscal year end. 4. Woodlawn has not received $69,942. 13 from Erie Limited that’s past due over 90 days. But since Erie always paid its bills, there is no need to write-off Erie Limited to AFDA. No adjusted entry needed. 5. Calculation of total amount of All owance for doubtful accounts (AFDA). Assumption for calculating AFDA: we estimate the percentage for AFDA in 2010 to be 11%. This estimation is based on: 1.Based on the information Michael provided, the worse of the recession is over and current economic conditions have improved since last month. 2. Customers are paying slower then previous years due to bad economic conditions. Therefore the percentage of AFDA should fall in a range among percentages of 2008-2009, which is 4. 9%-13. 1%. We estimate 11% to be a better choice. The total amount of AFDA ending balance is 11%* $374,692. 53=$41,216. 18 In order to calculate the AFDA amount needed to adjust, we need the AFDA opening balance which is $35,000 from trial balance, the correction of error made in write-off $58,621. 4. $ 58,621. 84| $35,000 ? | $41,216. 18| ADFA ? = $41,216. 18+$58,621. 84-$35,000=$64,838. 02 The adjusted entry is made based on the previous information, Dr Bad debt expense 64,838. 02 Cr Allowance for doubtful ac counts 64,838. 02 To record the adjustment made for Allowance for doubtful accounts at the fiscal year end. For Insurance: Calculation of the adjustment of prepaid expenses at the year end: Prepaid insurance for the beginning of September 1, 2009: $9,300 Insurance from Fife Insurance:Policy Period: 2010/05/20-2011/05/20 Amount: $12,885. 48 For the period beginning at Sept, 1 2009, to year end at August 31,2010 is 103 days in total, Total Insurance expense = $12,885. 48* 103/365=$3,636. 18 Balance required at year end=$12,885. 48-$3,636. 18=$9,249. 30 Prepaid expense adjustments =$9,300-$9,249. 30=$50. 70 The adjusted entry is made based on the previous calculation, Dr Insurance expense $50. 70 Cr Prepaid insurance$50. 70 To record the adjustment of prepaid insurance

Decision Analysis Task

Decision Analysis has been established to advance theory, application, and teaching of all aspects of decision-making methods. . When It comes to beginning to make decisions for any business, almost everyone can feel uncertainty and fear. The more Information given, then the most likely the decisions made are the right ones. TLS Includes being able to trade off the values of certain outcomes against Its probability. Data shows the truest form of the Information given. The knowledge changes from data to information, from information to facts, and lastly from facts to knowledge.The entire decision making process is done under uncertainty and immeasurable variables. Values and numbers become much easier for people to use and understand. Once the numbers and circumstances are in place, the true analysis can begin. Using the work cell method, the company can have the following advantages: (1) reduced work in progress inventory, (2) less floor space use, (3) reduced raw material and finish ed goods inventory, (4) reduced labor costs, (5) more employee participation, (6) increased equipment and machinery use, and (7) reduced investment in machinery and equipment.I have chosen this decision analysis tool by imputing the performance times for each task given of A through H and the sequence requirements into an assembly line balancing tool to perform an analysis to determine the proper number of stations and the most efficient workflow possible. The analysis tool calculated that the number of workstations needed was 5. Total station task time needed was 10 minutes and the time needed per cycle was 46 minutes. These calculations gave this process an efficiency of 100. 00%. This decision tool was selected to help achieve a higher efficiency of production and a possible deduction in production floor space. A properly balanced line will increase throughput and lower production costs.Hopefully, by recommending this tool, the company will be able to eliminate significant errors that can result in false assumptions, inaccurate estimations of probabilities, too much relying on expectations, wrong measuring in functions, and/or forecasting errors. B. 1. The impact of costs on the decision to move forward with the new Maim Sandal line is as follows: As the production continues, the hours needed for each batch, or individual pair, will begin to decrease. By continuing to produce this line the total labor costs will continue to decrease, but most likely, at a slower rate as more sandals are produced. This data can help the company decide employment levels, capacity, costs, and their pricing of this particular merchandise in the open market.

Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Music - Research Paper Example In particular, the paper explores sweet home Alabama (SHA) that was produced with strong massage to ensure eradication of racism and slavery in various states. It recognized the imperativeness of building coherent societies, which embraces quality values in life. Similarly, lynard skynard provides sufficient information towards drug abuse eradication, which threatened to paralyze economic performance and social cohesion in various states including southern states. Various individuals who assert its relevance in building vibrant societies with superior ethical values have accepted its noble ideals. Consequently, the paper also gives an analysis of southern man Alabama song, which similarly communicated appropriate massage on racism with an aim of ensuring its eradication. Comparative and contrasting elements of the songs have also been discussed together with the songs significance to southerners. Introduction Music is a critical element in human life, which provides educative, entert ainment and social messages. Critically, it has played a crucial role in developing human behaviors in various facets of life towards building sustainable and cohesive societies. There are various categories and types of music, which are produced to convey definite and intended information to various individuals. Ideally, there is gospel music, love music that conveys love massages, hip-hop music and pop culture music which relays deep-rooted information towards shaping up cultural practices among societies. Most leaders and scholars affirm that music especially pop culture music has facilitated drastic transformation in human behavior. They assert that such informative songs have the capacity to transform ancient cultural practices and beliefs to conform to modern life practices. Variably, music provides basic ways of nurturing noble human character through systematic communication of information. Various songs take diverse dimensions and themes, which is majorly determined by defi nite information to be communicated. Songwriters and producers consider moral influences of their songs towards transformation of individual’s lifestyle which vital towards modernity. This paper explores musical pieces sang and produced by various pop artists and how they have influenced various individuals lifestyle in the southern state. Song analysis This section provides detailed analysis of three pop culture songs which includes sweet home Alabama (SHA), Lynard skynard and southern man" and "alabama which were profoundly sung by various artists with acute determination to instill admirable human practices for effective cohesion. It also highlights the songs comparativeness and basic elements applied in their production1. The songs have widely been accepted by various individuals due to their educative and entertaining nature, which is critical towards ensuring achievement of their purposes2. Critically, the songs adopted various themes with sweet home Alabama adopting un iversal theme that sought to eradicate racism and slavery in various societies including southern states. Lynard skynard adopted drug liberation, which is asocial theme with a strong focus to fight drug addiction, which has become a prevalent aspect influencing performance in various societies. Its mission has been received well with most individuals embracing its drug free concept as a pillar that ensures mutual coexistence and performance in various areas, in humanity3. Consequently, southern man" and "alabama song also adopted social and economic theme, which relays sufficient information with requisite capacity to advance social and economic settings in humanity. The songs out rightly provides quality information based on life ideals and attitude

The Greatest Generation by Tom Brokaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Greatest Generation by Tom Brokaw - Essay Example d to the call in honor and love for country; they turned down their own interest and pleasure to defeat their enemies; and they won their independence to see their nation rise up again from the pit of a devastating war that had killed millions of their loved ones and created a massive loss of their properties. These heroic deeds during the world war lead Brokaw to call their generation the â€Å"greatest generation† America has yet seen. World War II was the most damaging war in the history which started in the year 1939 about 70 years ago, and believed to have ended in 1945. Germany’s invasion of Poland without any warning sparked the beginning of the war on September 1, 1939. On the third day of September, two other countries, Britain and France joined in the conflict against Germany; and in a span of one week, four other countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa had also joined in the war (â€Å"A WW2 Timeline†). This global military conflict was divided into two opposing military alliances namely: the Allies composed of countries including Soviet Union, United States, and United Kingdom, and the Axis composed of Germany, Japan, Italy, and many others. World War II is the deadliest and the bloodiest war that has ever hit the world with 61 million casualties of both military and civilian. Brokaw believes that there are significant, astonishing, and memorable stories behind every tragedy -- stories of hope, of greatness, of survival that leads him to create the book â€Å"The Greatest Generation.† â€Å"The Greatest Generation† accounts stories of veteran Americans, men and women who fought during the World War 2 against two of the greatest military machines ever created in the history of mankind. They gave up their lives, offered up their honor, dignity, and courage to see their nation rise up again. The book aims to let Americans of today’s generation know how much these people have sacrificed and fought the good fight so they can attain and

Managerial Accounting Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Managerial Accounting Practices - Essay Example Another disadvantage of fixed costs is that they eliminate flexibility and make the job of managerial accountants much harder. Variable costs change depending on the level of sales. Also a managerial accountant can find ways to eliminate or reduce variable costs easier than fixed costs. A costs structure in which variable costs are more influential than fixed costs is more likely to have a lower breakeven point. The breakeven point is the amount of sales necessary to cover all expenses. There are many fixed costs in which Claire Corporation is incurring. Some of the company’s fixed costs include building rent, salaries of administration staff, and depreciation of equipment expenses. The company’s plan of expanding the amount of distribution centers is a move that will definitely increase the company’s fixed costs. The overall sales have to increase to justify that strategic choice. If variable costs are reduce it would increase the contribution margin of the company and raise its profitability. The situation of having to liquate merchandise due to excess inventory must be remedied immediately. If the company adjust its cost structure geared towards variable costs instead of fixed costs the plan of creating a just in inventory system would bring greater benefits for the company. There are ways for the company to begin the transformation process to moving away form unnecessary fixed costs. A fixed I had not mentions that is major problem in the company is maintenance costs of the equipment. Some of these machines are obsolete and should be replaced immediately. Buying new machine would eliminate most of the wastage and unnecessary maintenance costs. I also evaluated the company debt situation. The firm has multiple long term loans that were incurred when the firm’s credit score was low due to company being a newcomer in the industry. Now our business credit rating has gone up a lot. Refinancing

Zoot Suit Movie Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zoot Suit Movie Critique - Essay Example Henry Reyna being the leader of an American-Mexicans group is sent to prison without any substantial evidence over the death of a man in Sleepy Lagoon, Jose Williams. Lawyer George Shearer and Editor Alice begin to fight for the release and the rights of the alleged murderers. Henry and his friends thereby receive an unjust and unfair treatment from the court system as they are sentenced to a period in prison, even though evidential statements indicate that William was killed by the Downey gang. Zoot Suit is mainly based on factual events that surrounded the Hispanic gang members for the killings in Los Angeles in the year 1942 and the demonstrations that ensued right after their arrest. Henry Reyna and his friends, a 38th street gang member went to have fun, and in the process collided with its rival crew, the Downey. Rudy, Henry’s brother provoked a commotion and a fight commenced between the two groups. Henry, later on, his way home confused a commotion, caused by the Downey gang to a party at Williams the Ranch. After some few days, Henry and his friends are arrested and unfairly sentenced over the murder of William. Zoot Suit incorporates drama to emphasize on some specific themes that are currently relative. The drama does an exploration of family relationships and the burden of a child’s growth in racially discriminating environments. The social themes depicted in the play include tragic results from gang violence, injustices, racial discrimination and oppression.

Strategic Issue Marketing Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Issue Marketing - Term Paper Example More industries are now having a global perspective of foundries hence transformation is very easy. New models especially those in semiconductors field that have a great impact in our lives, are very crucial for one's success a field like these. Initially it has been in AMD manufacturing arm they have great assets in the leading technology and manufacturing capabilities. Foundries vision is to be a first truly world semi conductor foundry, to harness the resources of the world in order to deliver maximum value to its customers and unlock the potential for innovation. Its mission is to create a customer experience, through collaboration, exceptional service, successful innovation, and excellence in manufacturing. Major buyers and competitors It has more than 150 customers with a span of over three continents, these have created a new avenue to innovate, to drive, and develop semiconductor technology. They have state of the art manufacturing centers in United States of America, Singapo re, and Germany. The high volume and fast yield advance technologies facilitate its marketing. The footprint of this global manufacturing firm has a major support of research facilities. These have enabled the design and development of semiconductor hubs, in Asia, Europe, and United States. The companies have outsourced the paradigm of manufacturing. They are also looking forward to collaborate with other partners in the field. They are delivering a collaborative model for engaging customers. They offer a unique model of design using integrated device manufacturer. It is a model build using optimization of technology for low leakage and low yield. The major buyers for global foundries include multinational companies such as STMicroelectronics, IBM, Samsung electronics, Toshiba, and Renesas. They provide solutions to manufacture high metal gate technology. Their customers include all the largest semiconductors in the world. These companies are involved in the manufacture of technolog ical products. Major competitors It is important to note that the organization’s competitors play a significant role in determining the trend of the organization. The major competitors of global foundries include Nividia, ARM, AMD, and other international manufacturers of microchips. Major forces Bargaining power of suppliers The power of suppliers comes in because of availability and concentration of suppliers. When the suppliers’ power is high, the switching cost is also high. Threat of new Entrants There is a low entry of new entrants in the market because barriers like investment capital investment, time, and money affecting the profits. The new entrants affect the foundry industry heavily, for instance the entrance of Germany and China in the foundry industry has let to USA lose some of its business. Bargaining power of buyers Customizing of products leads to bargaining power and low switching costs. Foundry industry should be aware of customers needs since they a re the ones who determine the future prospects of the company. Almost everything in Foundry industry is a resource, VRIO analyzes its sustainability and performance. Rivalry among competitors The major rivals include Taiwan, United States of America, Germany, and Japan is committed in this growing industry and has high barriers of Exit. Availability of substitutes The availability of substitutes of the products manufactured by Foundries dents the ability of

U.S. Organizations Operating in the Global Environment Research Paper

U.S. Organizations Operating in the Global Environment - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that there are many organizations in the US operating in the global environment. They can be political organizations, business organizations, and another relevant form of organizations. The list goes on. However, what they all have in common is that they all operate in the global environment where there is a need for them to have a constant attachment to the environment. This concept brings forward to the thought that organizations eventually relate strategically to their environment. Furthermore, this also leads to the idea that organizations may be capable of shaping their environment. On the contrary, the environments may also shape organizations. Therefore, there is a prevailing thought that organizations also choose which environments they enter and exit. In other words, organizations have the choice which way or part they should place themselves. In order to understand these relevant perspectives, some appropriate o rganizational theories are included in the work at hand to justify if organizations have all the flexibility to affect the environment or be affected by their environments on the contrary. The depth of this point of view can be significantly illustrated by taking the case of US Organizations operating in the global environment. There are many organizations coming from the US that are freely operating across the world. This must be a significant observation considering that the US is considered as one of the world’s most powerful nations in terms of its political and economic influence. At some point, the country also has become the center point of socio-cultural change, as it tries to successfully bring the whole world into the Western culture. However, whatever may be the reason why the US together with many of its organizations prevails and manages to stand out in the world, one essential argument in line with this will always lead to the idea of how it was able to bring in fluence to its environment.

Human issues in society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human issues in society - Essay Example Hannah Arendt’s article on the new guarantee was triggered by the resultant repercussion of the Second World War and the holocaust. Many people were left without a state identity and left as destitute refugees both in their original native countries and in foreign countries. Arendt believed strongly threat today’s political regimes are consequences of the political philosophies of the western traditions. She saw refugees as the bad fruits of the current political ideologies and hence she challenges the purpose and effectiveness of the current political practices and thoughts. By her moving away from the concept of inalienable or natural rights and focusing on the right of individual membership within a community for the purpose if human dignity, she instigates a favorable foundation for human rights. Why does human dignity needs a new political guarantee as proposed by Hannah Arendt and what necessitates the need? This essay therefore intends to investigate whether in t he light of totalitarianism human rights and dignity suffer compromise and hence project the reasons why human dignity needs a new guarantee Discussion In the article ‘Origin of totalitarianism’, Arendt reasons that the human dignity requires some guarantee and this is possible through new political principle. This is after the nineteenth century idea of peaceful cosmopolitan in the respect of human rights was destroyed. Arendt says that the state of being a refugee is best understood from different perspectives; physical, social and political displacement of an individual. The lack of a physical place to live in and settle defines displacement, asylum seeker and the refugee state of human beings. However, other aspects also come in handy such as the deprivation of an individual right to action and to freedom of opinion. The collective sum of the modern displacement and the degradation are what Arendt terms as ‘wordlessness’. She sighted the remedy to the s tate of wordlessness as being embedded on the need to revisit the foundations of ethics of human rights. This is because largely, liberal pieties on natural rights have lost credibility; understanding the incompatibility of national sovereignty with civic responsibility and human dignity have been hindered; as well as the importance of the citizens to understand their right in affording political empowerment being compromised. Arendt was triggered to study the issue due to an increase in refugees within Europe. The sovereign authority in the state embraced universal individual rights and national sovereignty. However, the sovereign states restricted people from acquiring citizenship or the right to entry into their territories. This is a contradiction of the liberal state’s sovereignty and universalism and thus denying citizenship to person or group of people or turning away refugees of other states is a wrong principle. She argues that such rights cannot be realized without the state acknowledgement to sovereign power and that a relationship abides between the state rights and individual rights. Refugees are thus the resultant product when the state rights and individual rights conflict (Cotter, para 5-6). The only way to understand the contradictions and failures of the current political thought and practice is by evaluating the experiences of the victims or

Contributions of Modern Technology by David Ingram Essay Example for Free

Contributions of Modern Technology by David Ingram Essay Modern technology has given small businesses an unprecedented ability to communicate with their target markets, causing a dramatic evolution in the way marketers craft advertising strategies. Unlike the shotgun-scatter technique of yesterdays mass media outlets, new advertising channels created by cutting edge technology allow companies to target small groups and individuals with personalized advertising messages, while collecting feedback and measuring responses on the fly. Research Tools Modern technology greatly enhances advertisers ability to perform market research and testing when developing ads. Extensive collections of consumer data can be obtained online, and the results of feedback and opinions can be analyzed instantly with computers. Virtual focus groups can bring together people on opposite sides of the world to view and provide feedback on advertisements, and opinion leaders can be engaged via online surveys that expose the viewer to a proposed ad while soliciting feedback. Development tools for internet advertisements has have improved dramatically over the past 20 years. While the static, logo-driven banner ads of the 1990s were effective themselves, todays ads feature video, animation and even viewer interactivity. Development Tools Modern technology allows advertisers to create more effective and impressive ads for television, print, radio and the Web. Modern video editing equipment can be used to create ads with a â€Å"wow factor†something that catches viewers attention and keeps them glued to the screen. Enhancements in computer animation allow advertisers to create lifelike settings, characters and action that could never be achieved only 40 years ago. Special effects also allows ads to fully leverage the marketing appeal of popular movies and television shows, making the obvious product appeal the only thing that differentiates the ad from the movie or show. With a range of powerful tools at their disposal, advertisers can create visual messages that appeal more personally to specific consumer groups. Social Networks Social networks are proving to be an invaluable resource for small businesses and bootstrap marketers. Social networks, besides allowing advertisers to engage consumers in research and testing, they also offer a powerful and free distribution system. Distributing interesting, memorable ads via a social network can set off a chain reaction in which individual viewers spread the advertising message in a personal way, to millions of viewers, at no cost to the advertiser. Internet Advertising The Internet has wrought havoc on the effectiveness of traditional advertising outlets while simultaneously creating interesting new avenues for marketers to reach consumers. Internet banner ads can be strategically placed on websites that target specific consumer groups much more effectively than mass media. Television-style ads can be placed on Internet videos, such as news clips. Free web-based games can be developed to provide an interactive experience while exposing players to advertising messages. Ads, combined with promotions, can be sent to individuals via email campaigns. Endorsements Paid endorsements of sports celebrities and events have become exponentially more effective due to the reach of radio, television and the Internet. Endorsements that traditionally exposed several hundred spectators to an advertising message can reach millions through national broadcasts and Internet exposure.

Buckle up Essay Example for Free

Buckle up Essay Still unconscious, wreathed in bandages, pale and out in my own land, I could not even barely imagine the pain that engulfed my loved ones as they by lay vigil each night, thinking of my sorry picture with only breathing tubes to hang onto. On the second day, I regained consciousness and began a hazy recollection of what happened. The successive bumps and crash. I could recall seeing the driver ram straight into the car in front, a second later I was flung head first into the driving seat almost unsitting the driver who nonchalantly pushed my head aside. The only other recollection is seeing flames and being suffocated by fumes of burning petrol. The accident left me with gruesome facial cuts, an upper broken jaw with six teeth less. In modern day United Arab Emirates, the causes such accidents are as varied as the number of accidents. There are times when you cant really blame anybody. Nobody expects a sudden thick fog during the rush hour, it was quite an unfortunate scenario but you dare not snarl in the highway because you could be the cause of another accident. The combination of reckless over confident drivers with such weather conditions only spells doom to the careful drivers who will slow down and ensure that there is sufficient space between his vehicle and the next but there is no knowing who might ram into your rear. It is therefore an unwritten rule that one simple mistake like slowing down even in zebra crossings might result in traffic accident. Despite all these unwritten rules, you cannot surely escape being labelled a very stupid person if you drive at 120km/h in a silly thick fog. It is always the first car in the crash that causes the accident, whether he was driving beyond the police legal allowance, a copy of the many paper on the driving wheel or coffee on the other hand, the prerequisites to such traffic accidents are seen every day on our highways. It gets even more harrowing when people drive while answering phone calls or when rich spoilt kids zoom at dangerous speeds in brand new SUVs. I was dispatched from the hospital after three intensive months of medical care. By slowly recollecting the past, trying to shift what might have caused the accident and what might have not, trying to find a rationale why as a passenger I had much more serious injuries than the driver who only escaped with minor injuries the answer to my stupid injuries hits me hard, Buckle up! : That was the difference between the driver and me. Its even more hurting that I had to learn painful way. The seat belt usage is the savior if you are to be involved in such accidents. These are a very many road casualties that arise due to our refusal to buckle up. Presently the campaign â€Å"Your safety is in using safety Belt is helping people understand the importance of buckling up. Additionally, as we speak now heavy fines are being levied on those apprehended for not putting on their safety belts. This has come only after the realization that traffic accidents cause more deaths than murder and is only second to death caused by cardiovascular diseases. The experience of accidents is harrowing, the survival chance is in guaranteed, and as more and more lunatic drivers are released onto our roads, the only savior is the seat belt. I have never been reminded to buckle up ever since, my scars are too huge to be ignored. Buckling up has become an innate predisposition to me. References New Initiative in IAHVs Road Peace Campaign: Buckle up Dubai www. dubaishopping festival. com/news/IAHV11-09. htm Buckle up Drive Controls Violations of Seat Belt Rule. 2007http:www. uaeinteract. com/docs.

Asylum Seeking Families In The Uk Social Work Essay

Asylum Seeking Families In The Uk Social Work Essay Asylum seeking families come to the UK with high hopes for their future and are often seeking protection from a perilous past. They are exposed to destitution, poor health, depression, physical assault, sexual harassment, loneliness and stress and family breakdown. The children of asylum seekers are vulnerable and in need of considerable support (Fitzpatrick, 2005). Young asylum seekers are often torn violently from their past life and forced into a new environment where they do not understand the legislation and the rules of social life. In the current climate of antagonism they face suspicion and mistrust (Sales, 2007). The 1951 Geneva Convention is the basis for international refugee law. It provides the right to make an individual asylum claim and protection from being returned to face danger. Those seeking protection go through a formal process to establish whether they fit the definition of a refugee (Sales, 2007). Asylum seekers live below the minimum benefit levels other hous eholds would receive and are clearly very poor but New Labours pledge to eradicate child poverty altogether by 2020 does not include the children of asylum seekers (Reacroft, 2008). The 2004 Children Act and Every Child Matters (DfES, 2004) identify five broad outcomes for every child, whatever their background or circumstances to have the support they need, however children who are subject to immigration control are systematically excluded from some of the measures proposed to deliver the five outcomes related with the Every Child Matters framework (Crawley, 2006). The tensions between policies for safeguarding and protecting children and controlling immigration is evident in policy and practice. This dissertation is an attempt to investigate the governments response to asylum seekers with reference to child poverty. The dissertation also attempts to consider the impact and implications for social work practice as social work professionals become entwined within processes which mon itor and control those subject to immigration controls. The first chapter will provide a historical background into the arrival of asylum seekers and concerns associated with them. The movement of people geographically is part of human history and controlling it a moderately recent phenomenon (Hayter, 2000). Calls for controls have always been posed, from the 1905 Aliens Act, through to the Asylum and Immigration Act 2006. The arrival of international migrants in to the UK is no new occurrence. This chapter will explore the governments response to groups of refugees and how it has changed through the years. Chapter two will examine asylum legislation and policy, focussing on its impact on children. It will also focus on child welfare legislation. Since 1989 more immigration legislation has passed through the UK Parliament than at any other time during history (Rutter, 2006). Since 1993 and particularly since 1996, asylum seekers are very high on the governments political agenda and therefore a vast number of policies have been implemented . Britain has become one of the leading proponents of the EUs increasing restriction toward asylum seekers and refugees in the last decade (Joly, 1996). Tighter pre-entry deterrent measures have been implemented, with a regime of welfare disentitlement and social exclusion for those who have managed to gain access. This chapter will focus on the radical change of policy on immigration with particular focus on New Labour and their focus on unwanted migrants. Chapter three will investigate the tensions that have arisen with regards to the government paper Every Child Matters and the immigration policies. UK policy and practice in many other areas is based upon the notion that children should be treated differently from adults because they are children. By contrast, children who are subject to immigration controls are currently treated as migrants first and foremost (Crawley, 2006). Local authorities are encouraged by recent policies to exclude children of asylum seekers from the Children Act 1989 as part of the wider government purpose of controlling immigration. Chapter four will explore the tensions for social workers. Social workers who should be protecting and supporting children are required to act as if they are immigration officials. Social workers are poorly trained in issues of immigration and are not encouraged to view asylum seekers as service users (Collett, 2004). The role of the social worker in the lives of asylum seekers w ill be assessed as will asylum seekers experiences of oppression. The final chapter of this dissertation will provide a conclusion, containing a critical assessment of the implications of the discussions for contemporary/future policy and practice. Chapter 2 A brief history of asylum in Britain Asylum achieved a great political profile in Britain during the late 1990s. In order to fully understand the issues and concerns of asylum, an awareness of the historical background of asylum seekers will be focussed upon throughout this chapter. The concept of asylum or refuge has existed in the UK since the Middle Ages. However the first piece of legislation to preserve the notion of asylum in British law was the 1905 Aliens Act. The act defined those who would be excluded from restriction much more cautiously and it was eventually approved through parliament. The 1905 Aliens Act set the outline for rest of the century and ensured that the British welfare state, far from being universalistic, are narrow, exclusive and nationalistic. (Cohen, 2002). The London County Council seemed to have taken a hostile attitude towards Jewish refugees fleeing Nazism in the 1930s. This was on the foundation that refugees were a drain on the local authority administered welfare. Immigration controls ensured that few refugees managed to gain entry to the UK and those which managed to did so on the accepting that the jewish community would take upon collective financial responsibility (London, 1999). Such a financial undertaking could not be sustained and the government was eventually forced into providing some assistance . As the circumstances of European Jewry deteriorated, the British Governments behaviour did not alter fundamentally. Britains overall response to the difficulty of Jews was characterized by caution and pragmatism subordinating humanitarianism to Britains self interst (Friedman and Klein, 2008). Jewish refugees were also associated with supposedly criminality and lack of hygiene. As Jewish refugees became linked with the social problems of urban life, attention was directed on their likely social cost. Recently created immigration officers now needed to make judgements about who was likely to be a burden on the rates. It becomes apparent at this time the need to let in only those who will be economically useful to the British nation and those not likely to need welfare (Hayes Humphries, 2004). Between November 1938 and September 1939, the numbers of Jewish refugees entering Britain were in excess of 40,000 (Stevens, 2004) and by the start of the war, about 80,000 refugees had come to Britain, including 10,000 unacompanied children on the kindertransport The reality that Britain took in these Jewish refugees has an iconic significance for its self definition today as a generous and hospitable nation. The anniversaries of the Second World War has been on Britains heroic role, not only in defeating the Natzis but in providing a place of safety for Jewish refugees. However there was significant resentment towards the refugees from all the divisions of society, particulary the press (Friedman and Klein, 2008). An editorial in the Sunday express in 1938 stated: [But] just now there is a big influx of foreign Jews into Britain. They are over-running the country. They are trying to enter the medical profession in great numbers. They wish to practise as dentists. Worst of all, many of them are holding themselves out to the public as psychoanalysts. There is no intolerance in Britain today. And by keeping a close watch on the causes that feed the intolerance of the Jews in other European countries, we shall be able to continue to treat well those Jews who have made their homes among us. Conflict also came from professional and trade bodies. Jewish refugee doctors coming over to Britain had a difficult time and negative attitudes were also found in the foreign office. Common anti-Jewish prejudice was influential in preparing government policy (Friedman and Klein, 2008). Following the end of the second world war the shortage of labour required many European countries to look to Asia, the Caribbean and Africa for workers to rebuild the continent. Britain, looked towards its old colonies and in the 1940s and 1950s many African-Caribeean, Southeren Asian and African people entered Britain (Okitikpi, 2003). Unlike the Jews before them, these black immigrants had citizenship rights as well as a strong idedological connection. However these citizens were treated as short-term visitors, migrant workers and it was hoped that they would return home and not require the benefits of long term settlement (Hayes Humphries, 2004). By the 1960s and the 1970s the enactment of successive excluding immigration and nationality acts certified the tightening of the immigration rules in order to decrease the flow of migration into Britain (Hiro 1992; Seddon, 2002). In 1978 Margeret Thatcher expressed her thoughts about the swamping of Britain by immigrant culture,it is apparent that the old racist xenophobia was not far under the surface, such a logic was implicit in the way an alleged popular opinion against immigration was used to build support for new nationality laws in Britain which was pursued by the Thatcher government (Baumgartl and Favell, 1995). Towards the end of the 1980s there was an increase in the number of asylum- seekers arriving in Britain. Between 1981 and 1988, the average number of asylum-seekers arriving each year in Britain was less than 4000 increasing in 1989 to 11,640 and it reached a peak in 1991 to 44,840 asylum applications (Bloch, 2000). The year 1989 marked a turning point, with the start of an asylum migration of Turkish Kurds, Somalis, Anggolans and Congolese. The government viewed asylum as a policy problem (Rutter, J, 2006). The media and public opinion. Conclusion It is easy to forget that the arrival of large numbers of Jewish refugees was regularly met with a less than rapturous welcome by the Government, trade unions, certain newspapers and indeed sections of the Jewish community itself. chapter 3 Legislative Asylum achieved a great political profile in Britain during the 1990s. Until the 1990s, Britain had no specific asylum legislation (Sales, 2002). The Asylum and Immigrations appeal Act 1993 was the first act, concerned predominantly with controlling entry. It created processes for dealing with asylum applications, introduced restrictions to social housing for asylum seekers and benefits for asylum seekers were set at seventy percent of income support. An asylum seeker would only be housed in temporary accommodation while his/her asylum claim was being determined. This is a lengthily process and can sometimes take years. Asylum seeker families can be kept in inadequate housing for lengthily periods, with no security, subject to sudden moves, resulting in difficulties in securing school and nursery places and being able to register with a GP (Fitzpatrick, 2005). The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 also restricted the social rights of asylum seekers. The act withdrew cash benefits for asylum seekers and introduced vouchers following court judgement that local authorities should provide necessary subsistence for destitute asylum seekers. Adults were not allowed to receive cash, but were housed and given subsistence in kind and in the form of vouchers (Sales, 2002). The labour Party came into power in May 1997. It assured to alleviate the pressure on local authorities and began a review of the system for asylum seekers. The result was the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (which came into effect in April 2000). This Act was more draconian than any other measures introduced by the previous Conservative government (Fitzpatrick, 2005). The Act confirmed that with exceptions contained in regulations, everyone subject to immigration controls is to be denied council housing and a range of non-contributory benefits. These benefits comprise the core, means tested benefits of last resort (income support, income based jobseekers allowance, council tax benefit, housing benefit, a social fund payment) and family and disability benefits ( working families tax credit, child benefit, severe disablement allowance, invalid care , attendance allowance, disabled persons tax credit, disability living allowance). In addition, the act disentitles those subject to controls from National Assistance Act and Children Act support, solely on the basis of destitution (Cohen, 2002). The Act gave a series of new powers to the Home Secretary, mainly in relation to appeals (Chatwin, 2001: 7) and extended the powers of search and arrest and detention of asylum seekers. The most controversial clauses concerned the extension of the voucher scheme to all asylum seekers and compulsory dispersal. The local authorities direct role in supporting asylum seekers ended and was replaced with NASS (National Asylum Support System). NASS operates on the presumption that the mass of asylum seekers are undeserving and bogus, while the minority granted Convention status are the deserving (Sales, 2002). Vouchers Asylum seekers who receive section 4 support are entitled to free temporary accommodation and thirty five pounds a week in vouchers provided by accommodation providers. No change can be issued for these vouchers. Vouchers come in a variety of forms, such as paper vouchers, luncheon vouchers and card gift vouchers (where credit is loaded onto a plastic card and deducted as it is being spent). Luncheon vouchers are accepted in more than one shop, whereas paper vouchers and card gift vouchers limit the person to shopping in certain shops. Long distances may have to be travelled to collect these vouchers from the post office and when using the vouchers difficulties can arise in the shops. Shops that accept vouchers are more expensive than other shops and markets not participating in the scheme, shop staff may not always recognise or know how to process vouchers (British refugee council, 2008). A study from the home office (home office, 2001) which was used as evidence about the operation of the voucher scheme when it was reviewed in 2001, found out about asylum seekers experiences of using vouchers. 205 asylum seekers completed questionnaires which were translated by trained interviewees. In depth interviews were also conducted with asylum seekers. Many asylum seekers completing the questionnaire reported they felt embarrassed when collecting the vouchers because they perceived that people were looking at them. Asylum seekers also felt embarrassed when other people complain about the asylum seeker in the queue as delays have occurred. Many asylum seekers also felt distressed about the difficulty they have adding up the shopping and knowing which vouchers to use. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 This Act allowed for asylum seekers to be accommodated in large accommodation centres, with sites containing about 800 people, asylum seekers would receive health care, full board and education. Regardless of being expensive to build, the Home Office was clear on its justification of the new centres as a means of preventing asylum seekers from working illegally (Home Office, 2002). By the end of 2002 the Home Office identified eight prospective accommodation centres, the planning applications for these centres proved to be a focal point for anti-asylum campaigns. Another focus fo ant-asylum campaigners was the publication of quarterly asylum statistics. This occurrence became a radicalised ritual. The Home Office published its data and the tabloid media responded with articles on the growing issue of asylum seekers. But in concentrating on the crisis in numbers the government creates an image of hordes of people seeking to enter the UK (Rutter, 2006). The legislation also enables NAS S benefit to be withheld from a person who fails to make a claim for asylum as soon as possible when entering the country. Initially this power applied only to single asylum seekers, but has been extended to families. This has led to many people being left without any means of support and homeless. Local authorities are prevented by the legislation from providing support to failed asylum seekers. This excludes vulnerable children who may be at risk from accessing support from social services (Fitzpatrick, 2005). Asylum and Immigration (treatment of claiments) Act 2004) This particular Act contained 50 sections. The Act was nearly twice as long as when it was first presented to parliament. The legislation allows for asylum seekers to be moved to a third world country (of which the asylum seeker is not a citizen) without having a right to appeal or entering the thorough determination procedures (Refugee Council, 2004). The legislation also provides electronic monitoring of asylum seekers who appear over 18. This was suggested by ministers as a humane alternative to detention (Rutter, 2006). Furthermore the legislation widens the existing power to deny support from asylum seekers who fail to claim asylum immediately when entering the UK. NASS benefit may then be withdrawn from failed asylum seekers who refuse to return home. Parents may then have to consider leaving the UK and returning to a place of danger or the possibility of having their children removed from them. Asylum and Immigration Act 2006 Although the number of asylum seeking applications had decreased at this point, the government aimed to enhance the immigration system in line with their objectives of stronger immigration controls. This is achieved by introducing civil and criminal penalties of up to  £2,000 per illegal employee and a possible 2 year prison sentence for those who knowingly employ an illegal worker. Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 The legislative changes in this Act are projected to compliment the Australian stle points based system introduced for immigration. The detention of children still remains at this point. Child poverty Act 2010 Every Child Matters In 2001, the opening of the public inquiry into the death of a child abuse victim Victoria Climbie led to the government paper Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003). The chair, Lord Laming assured that it would mark a turning point in the protection of vulnerable children. The inquiry report (Laming, 2003) made 108 recommendations and seeked to ensure that children do not fall through the safety net of protection. It identified five broad outcomes for children. These are to be healthy, to stay safe, enjoying and achieving, contributing to society and achieving economic well being. They aim to provide children and young people with support, sharing, promote better information and a comman assessment framework for professionals to certify clear accountability and to establish multi-disciplinary teams based around universal services. The Laming inquiry is significant to the situation of asylum seekers. Victoria Climbie, who came to the UK with her great aunt was tortured and neglected and eventually died in horrifying circumstances. Victoria was not an asylum seeker, she and her Aunt were French nationals but their immigration status excluded them from claiming benefits and housing under the habitual residence test. It is apparent from Lord Lamings report that it was the issue of accommodation and financial support that brought Victoria to the attention of social services. The government however subsequently introduced legislation to prevent EU nationals and asylum seekers in the same position as Victoria Climbie from accessing this type of help from social services (Fitzpatrick, 2005). It would appear that asylum seeker children are not treated as children in the general population and their immigration status is viewed first and foremost, rather than the fact that they are children and that every child in the U K should matter, regardless of their immigration status. Chapter 4 Tentions This chapter will attempt to assess the governments assurance that every child matters in the UK and how far this is extended to including asylum seeking children. There are a number of pieces of legislation that are of concern to asylum seekers and legislation that appears to exclude them. Section 9 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claiments, etc) Act has been a severely controversial provision which gives the Home Office powers to terminate all welfare support to failed asylum seekers. The tension between policies for safeguarding and protecting children and controlling immigration is evident in policy and practice. Every child matters As discussed in the previous chapter, in 2004 the government published Every Child Matters: Next Steps (DfES 2004) a green paper on childrens services, followed by the children Act 2004. The green paper and legislation was prompted by the inquiry into the murder of eight year old Victoria Climbie. Prior to her death, Victoria Climbie and her carers had extensive contact with social services, the police and hospitals, all of whom failed to share information with one another and ultimately failed to intervene to protect Victoria Climbie (Lord Laming, 2003). The Every Child Matters (ECM) framework aims to bring about root-and -branch reform of childrens services at every level to ensure that all children and young people achieve five main outcomes. The governments aim, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have te support they need to: Be healthy (physically, mentally, emotionally and sexually), to follow a healthy lifestyle and choose not to take illegal drugs; Stay safe (from maltreatment, neglect, violence, sexual exploitation, accidental injury and death, bullying and discrimination, crime and anti-social behaviour in and out of school and to have security, stability and to be cared for; Enjoy and achieve through learning by being ready for school, attending and enjoying school, achieving stretching national educational standards at primary and secondary school, achieving personal and social development and enjoying recreation; Make a positive contribution to society by engaging in decision making and supporting the community and environment, engaging in law abiding and positive behaviour in and out of school, developing positive relationships and choosing not to bully or discriminate, developing self confidence and successfully dealing with significant life changes and challenges and developing enterprising behaviour; and Achieve economic well-being by engaging in further education, employment or training on leaving school, being ready for employment, living in decent homes and sustainable communities, having access to transport and material goods and living in households free from low income. The ECM framework is considered a positive step in improving childrens services however there is a view that immigration controls take prority over welfare consideration. The UKs Reservation to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), confines the application of the principles of the CRC in the instance of children and young people who are subject to immigration control, has been in place since the convention was confirmed in 1991 and has been criticised by parliamentary committees in the UK and the international monitoring body for the CRC which states: The committee is further concerned that..the ongoing reform of the asylum and immigration system fails to address the particular needs and rights of asylum-seeking children and recommended that the government: address thoroughly the particular situation of children in the ongoing reform of the immigration and asylum system to bring it into line with the principles and provisions of the convention. Committee on the Rights of the child (2002) Concluding Observations on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Paragraph 47 and 48(g). Whilst the Reservation has been present for some time, the difference with the existing approach is the extent to which local authorities and others accountable for providing protection and support to children and their families have been encouraged to prevent children subject to immigration control from the provisions of the Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004 and the CRC. Consequently, the two systems with which children subject to immigration control are most affected immigration and social services- are gradually more at odds with one another. As they have competing objectives and aims, each has tried to compel the other to behave differently (Crawley, 2006). Social service departments have tried to provide support and improve the worst effects on children within hostile practical and political contexts. This position has produced complications for local authorities who are not fully reimbursed for these costs and for the children and families who do not get the thorough protection they need. Imperative questions are raised about the extent to which social services departments can be expected to provide on their duty under welfare law and at the same time participate in the role in controlling immigration. Accompanied asylum seeking children have less rights than citizen children as they are supported through NASS and do not usually have access to child welfare benefits or the provisions of the Children Act, although they do have the right to health care and legislation. Unaccompanied children and the question of age. An unaccompanied minor is a child under 18 years of age who has been separated from both parents and is not cared for by an adult, who by law or custom, is responsible to do so (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1997). Children who are separated from their parents or carers and who try to claim asylum in the UK battle to negotiate an asylum system designed for adults and a child protection system focussed on children who live in their own community within their own families (Crawley, 2006). Many unaccompanied young people find their plea for asylum to be disbelieved. Those who should slot into the care system as children find their application challenged by immigration officers who class them as adults. Age is key in determining the treatment of young asylum seekers. Many asylum seekers do not have the correct documentation and there is no reliable medical test. The burden of proof is with the applicant (Mitchell, 2003). Age determines the treatment of asylum seekers by s ocial services. Many social services departments remain hesitant to treat 16 and 17 year olds as children in need and often treating them with suspicion (Morris, 2003). Many are supported under section 17 of the 1989 Children Act, often in poor quality bed and breakfast accommodation. The organisation Save the Children, reported concerns about children living with adults not known to them, some were placed in hostels with adults who suffer mental health or drug problems (Mayor of London, 2004). A child whose age is unclear will also be treated as an adult for the purpose of asylum determination procedures. Reasons as to why it is unsafe for a child of his or her origin to return back to their country will not be taken into account when assessing the asylum claim. The fast tracking of age disputed cases can result in vulnerable children being returned back to their country of origin with no appropriate reception arrangements in place and without the assistance of an in-country appeal (Crawley, 2006). Home Office statistics on age disputed applications were published for the first time in 2005 and indicate that in 2004, 5,335 asylum applications were made by individuals who stated that they were less than 18 years of age. Of these, nearly half (44%) were age disputed and treated as adults (Home Office, 2005). This implicates the support and welfare that is made available to them. Clearly there are powerful child protection arguments for ensuring adults do not find their way into the care system.. However if a child is incorrectly identified as an adult they can be forced into adult asylum and accommodation arrangements, including detention or dispersing them to an area in the UK where they have no contacts or support and will not be subject to child protection procedures or be entitled to leaving care services. Section 9 Section 17 of the Children Act obliges practitioners, wherever possible, to provide services for children and their families with the aim of promoting the up bringining of children in their families. It makes clear that the welfare of a child is paramount and that a childs interests are best served within its own family. However local authorities are openly prohibited from using Section 17 of the Children Act to provide support to children and families made destitute as a result of Section 9 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claiments, etc). Local authorities then have little choice but to separate children from their families and support them in local authority accommodation under setion 20 of the 1989 Children Act. The governments stated justification for implementing section 9 has been disputed. All the evidence implies that improving the scope and quality of voluntary removal schemes, rather than making families destitute, would be a more successful way of encouraging v oluntary removal (Cunningham and Tomlinson, 2005). The Home Affairs Select Comittee (HASC) rebuked the Home Office for pushing ahead with such contentious legislation. The HASC questioned the Home Office Minister, Beverley Hughes, on the proposals on 19th November 2003. Whilst she began by declaring that it was not at all the governments intention to make people destitute, her testimony offered little reassurance. David Winnick, one of the Select Committees Labour MPs, asked whether it would be fair to describe the policy as starve them out? Whilst Hughes denied this when asked whether the government intended to deny families every form of support and allow their children to be taken into care, she replied, Yes, that is what we are proposing (HASC, 2003: Evidence pp. 8-9). In short, some of the most vulnerable children in the world are routinely denied basic protection

Elements Of Dance :: essays research papers

After reading the handout about tribal dances and ceremonies, I learned a lot of interesting things I never knew before. I guess the fact that I haven’t taken a dance class ever before and wasn’t taught too much about dance in grammar school or high school, I was ignorant to how important and how influential ritual dances are within a society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dancing is an activity that can be dated as far back as the Stone Age, when people first existed on this planet. Not only that, ritual dances can be found in almost every culture today. In some areas of the world, dancing is a way of life. It can be used for a variety of reasons such as; Fertility rituals, Initiation rituals, Rituals of the Hunt and Animals, Healing and funeral rituals, and War and Weapon rituals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rituals are traditional clusters of actions. They are performed for the most part to cast magical spells and to influence gods and spirits. Rituals are also passed down from generation to generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ritual dance that my group performed last Tuesday in class was titled War and Peace. It started off violent with an intense fight scene and ended with everyone being brought back to life and coming together with the linkage our hands, representing peace. With everything going on in the world right now, we thought it was an appropriate ritual dance to do because the point of it was to show how we must not kill each other. We must come together, figure out our differences and make peace. This ritual would be considered a specific ritual, which has a specific one-time purpose. The purpose obviously being the end of the terrorism that’s going on and the prevention of a war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other type of ritual the handout talks about is a cyclical. A cyclical is repeated each year or season. An example of this would be a rain dance that a tribe might do during a dry season when their crops need water. It seemed to me that the other two ritual dances did in class were probably cyclicals. They seemed as though they were dances that could be used over and over again as opposed to our ritual that had a one-time purpose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another interesting fact I found out while reading was how sound plays such a crucial role in a ritual dance. It said that the drummer is the main music maker, and it is thought that the gods are spoken to, through drums.

The Role of External Pressure in the Fight Against Apartheid and Minori

The Role of External Pressure in the Fight Against Apartheid and Minority Rule in South Africa External pressure played a very important part in bringing about the end of the apartheid. The embodied rejection of White domination in South Africa, in formations of protests, strikes and demonstrations caused a decade of turbulent mass action in resistance to the imposition of still harsher forms of segregation and oppression. The Defiance Campaign of 1952 carried mass mobilisation to new heights under the banner of non-violent resistance to the pass laws. These actions were influenced in part by the philosophy of Mohandas Gandhi. A critical step in the emergence of non-racialism was the formation of the Congress Alliance, including the ANC; South African Indian Congress; the Coloured People?s Congress; a small White congress organisation (the Congress of Democrats); and the South African Congress of Trade Unions. The Alliance gave formal expression to an emerging unity across racial and class lines that was manifested in the Defiance Campaign and other mass protests of this period, which also saw women?s resistance take a more organised character with the formation of the Federation of South African Women. In 1955, a Freedom Charter was drawn up at the Congress of the People in Soweto. The Charter enunciated the principles of the struggle, binding the movement to a culture of human rights and no racialism. Over the next few decades, the Freedom Charter was elevated to an important symbol of the freedom struggle. The Pan-Africans Congress (PAC), founded by Robert Sobukwe and based on the philosophies of ?Africanism? and anti-com... ...economy and increasing international pressure, these developments made historic changes inevitable. F.W. de Klerk, who replaced Botha as State President in 1989, announced at the opening of Parliament in February 1990 the unbanning of the liberation movements and release of political prisoners, notably Nelson Mandela. A number of factors led to this step. International financial, trade, sport and cultural sanctions were clearly biting. Above all, even if South Africa were nowhere near collapse, either militarily or economically, several years of emergency rule and ruthless repression had clearly neither destroyed the structures of organised resistance, nor helped establish legitimacy for the Apartheid regime or its collaborators. Instead, popular resistance, including mass and armed action, was intensifying.

An Analysis of Guests of the Nation :: Poetry Frank OConnor

The basic situation of the short story "Guests of the Nation" by Frank O'Connor is a story of friendship and war between two opposing sides, the Irish and British during war time. The two Englishmen, Belcher and Hawkins whom are prisoners of war and the Irishmen who are holding them captured engage in frequent card games, joke telling and arguing altogether while the war seems worlds away. The conflict with in the short story is an internal conflict. The Irishmen are forced to forget about all humanity when dealing with the enemy during combat. This was extremely hard for the guards because all but Donovan had befriended the prisoners. It was stated that if any Irish prisoner was killed by the English, then Hawkins and Belcher would be executed. This was hard for both the guards and the prisoners because although they knew that Hawkins and Belcher would have nothing to do with executions elsewhere, they would be the target of punishment. As enemies, not by choice, the Irish must enforce this because they are on the lower chain of command. So in a way they are absolved from their feelings of guilt because they "have a duty to do so." I believe the crisis occurs when Donovan shot Hawkins. The crisis is the turning point of the action in the plot of the story. At this point, they all "stood very still watching him settle out in the last agony." The first shot did not work so the narrator, Bonaparte was to shoot him again. After this, Belcher began to laugh for the first time throughout the entire story and then began to talk excessively. I view this as the falling action immediately following the climax. It was as if he could not contain his emotions of what he had just witnessed. Theme plays a very important part in this short story. Theme is the idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character and action. The great example of theme that is evident throughout the entire short story is the duty to perform certain acts. We can see here that the Irishman Donovan is very big on obeying his duty to carry out orders that have been authorized to him.

‘the Lesson’ by Toni Cade Bambara

â€Å"The Lesson† From The Mentor Whenever there is a civil rights movement going on, there are always 3 parties involved. One the Oppressor, second the Oppressed and lastly the Activist or the Mentor. The Activists usually always emerges from the Oppressed. That is when the Oppressed intellectuals feel that it’s time to standup to defend the identity of their people and make them strong enough to make a name of their own. This is what happened during the early 20th century within the African American community. They were racially termed as Negros meaning blacks.And were separated from the mainstream white American society with the Powerful class denying their rights for equal opportunities in basically every field of life. This paved way for the Black Arts movement. When the discrimination of the blacks reached its peak with the assassination of Malcolm X- the great influential African American leader, LeRoi Jones thought that it was time that African Americans bring a bout their true talent collectively. It all started in Harlem. Spanning the 1920s to the mid-1930s, the Harlem Renaissance was a literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that kindled a new black cultural identity.Critic and teacher Alain Locke summed up its essence in 1926 when he declared that through art, â€Å"Negro life is seizing its first chances for group expression and self determination. † (Foner, Garraty). The Harlem Renaissance as it was called, influenced future generations of black writers. And Toni Cade Bambara was one of them. The historical information mentioned above was necessary because it is important to know what period of time a writer lived in, it helps us to understand what influenced the writer to write and thus make us understand the stories better as the writer writes what he or she sees and feels.Toni Cade Bambara grew up in Harlem, so the essence of the Harlem renaissance was in her blood. Following her predecessors, she wanted to give the Af rican American community the bases to stand up for their own selves. And this is what â€Å"The Lesson† is all about. In this short story, Bambara uses her personal life experiences and her work in the field of social justice to describe the injustices done towards the African American society and how education and mentoring can play an important role in the uplift of the African American community and in general the society as a whole.In â€Å"The Lesson†, Toni Cade Bambara tells us about the economic and socio-political situation of the African American community through the eyes of Sylvia along with the hope of an uplift through good people like Ms. Moore. Sylvia, being the first person narrator, portrays the role of a strong willed young Black American girl. She along with her group of friends belongs to a small isolated town of blacks, in Harlem. The way she is seen talking to her friends shows that no proper education and guidance was being provided to them and t hat they were being deprived economically too. â€Å"Can we steal? Sugar asks very serious like she's getting the ground rules squared away before she plays. â€Å" (Bambara 27) This line from â€Å"The Lesson† clearly confirms the above point. Basically, the whole story revolves around the time when Ms. Moore takes out this group of friends for an educational ride. Her character, I think is the exact portrayal of Toni Cade Bambara. Ms. Moore like Toni Cade Bambara belonged to Harlem and was an activist for African Americans’ rights. She like her, made her mission to raise awareness amongst the African Americans, to make them realize their rights and to make them learn to live in the real world.Ms. Moore, seemingly the only educated person in the ghetto town of Harlem to which the kids belonged, wanted to help out and educate the kids. And give them an understanding of how the world sees them and how they should create a good life on their own. For instance when she asked them to pay to the taxi cab driver along with a 10% tip, this shows that she wanted them to learn to calculate. And by firing away questions and trying to make them share their views about the happenings in the toy store on the high profile FIFTH AVE. hich was for the upper white class (where she took them to show the disparity and learn), she wanted them to realize that injustice is done towards them and they should learn to live to live on their own and earn respect. Not all is gone in vain (referring to Sylvia’s and other kids’ cold responses) and Ms Moore is delighted by Sugar’s response. â€Å"You know, Miss Moore, I don't think all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs. † And Miss Moore lights up like somebody goosed her. â€Å"And? † she say, urging Sugar on. Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. What do you t hink? † (Bambara 99). Giving us the idea that intelligence and awareness exists everywhere, it just needs to be awakened just like Ms. Moore did. Introduction of the side characters shows us that Bambara tries her best to tell the readers that the children of the African American community are as normal as they are. Just like normal white kids, they have their own personalities, they fight, they have insecurities etc. nd like other normal white kids, they can do wonders with a little guidance. With the parents of the children willing to send them with Ms. Moore, Bambara tries to portray that even while living in tough conditions, African American parents want their kids to lead a good life, unlike their own. All this and the conversational style of the story reflect Bambara’s connection with the Harlem world. With even Sylvia’s strong character showing signs of weakness, when she wasn’t able to stand the bitter truth by her sidekick Sugar, makes us wonderf ully realize that Toni Cade Bambara has summed up the entire life of the oppressed in general.That no matter how strong headed or violent they seem, there is always this timid person behind the mask to hide the real face, i. e. the insecurities and also that intelligent minds exist everywhere, they just need to be mentored. Just what Ms. Moore was trying to do and Sugar was living up to Ms. Moore’s expectations. Overall the story deals with the reality of racial and class injustice, yet there is a sense of hope in the conclusion of the story. As the narrator Sylvia (even though realizes and understands what Ms.Moore was trying to make the kids learn but being strong headed was unwilling to accept the fact) is determined to rise above her circumstances and create a better life for herself. â€Å"She can run if she want to and even run faster. But ain't nobody gonna beat me at nuthin. â€Å"(Bambara 109) The above thought also strengthens the sharp contrast between Sylvia and Sugar that even though Sugar comprehends Ms. Moore’s lesson first, she forgets it as soon as they are done with the trip, by starting to think of things they could do with the change money Ms.Moore allowed them to keep while Sylvia who didn’t understand the lesson at first is now determined to deal with the situation. Though we don’t know for sure how Sylvia would end up but her words show that with a determined and sharp mind, she is all geared up to change the way she as a part of community is perceived. This is how Toni Cade Bambara sums up her life long mission through the heart and soul of Sylvia. Which is, that the oppressed (in general, not only the African American community) should always be aware of the injustices done towards them and never should give up with understanding the fact that awareness and education are the eys to success. Work Cited Bambara,Toni Cade. â€Å"The Lesson. † Gorilla,My Love. New York. Random (1972. ) Print. 4th Octobe r. 2012 Tate, Claudia, ed. Black Women Writers at Work. New York. Continuum (1983. ) Web. 4th October. 2012 Garraty, Foner, Editors. The Reader's Companion to American History: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company (1991. ) Web. 4th October. 2012 Gale Research Group. â€Å"Toni Cade Bambara. † Discovering Authors. 1999. Griffin, Farah Jasmine. â€Å"Para Las Chicas Cubanas. † Callaloo: A Journal of African Diaspora Arts and Letters 26. 1 (2003): 74-82. Web. 4th October. 2012

Field And Historical Reseacrch: Individual Reflection Essay

There reaches a stage in the life of an individual whereby choices and decisions concerning what must be done are decided and it is usually not an easy task. The answer is only achieved through an in-depth look within themselves. Reflection of the most important values and what they perceive will make them happy as well enabling them to achieve self actualization are also decided. The available resources that are required to fulfill their goals and ambitions must be put into consideration. In this paper, I am going to reflect the processes that Blackburn undergone through learning, the perceptions that she got towards other people, how she shaped her personality to fit the research environment, the values that she attached to different activities and the values of other people. The effective analysis of all factors that made her the person she is today is the only way she can be able to explain the principles that shapes her behavior and also the cause of her changed intentions. According to the statement in question, the processes that an individual undergoes require critical examination of all the factors that are involved in the area under research. The researcher is required to participate fully, in body and soul, in the activity that is being researched. Learning should be a continuous activity since the researcher must be in a position to provide detailed descriptions of all variables throughout the study. The things that Blackburn learned in her researches shows what a researcher is learning during the field study and enables him/her to tackle future experiences and possible opportunities with a lot of ease. The experience gained impacts hugely on the perception that the researcher has towards others, brings changes in their personal character and other held values and attitudes. The positive or negative encounters with individuals from the field of research shows that human beings can learn new things from each other and every individual posses a unique thinking capability and each one will approach a problem from different perspective. Therefore, it becomes easy to ascertain that human beings are always learning the forming and reforming processes and that elements in their personal systems keep changing. The most important thing individuals need to know is to be open-minded when approaching quite complex tasks. They should be judgmental before factoring all important aspects of the problem under research. The brain should always be trained to think and provide solutions. A review of similar past problems and the measures that were taken can help in the improvement of current field researches through a carefully chosen research design (Ferreira and Merchant, 1992, p 19). In conclusion, it is always not easy task to establish the most suitable learning criteria in circumstances where the path to success consists of many ups and downs. Conflicting ideas on the way to carry out experiments that will bring desired results using a specified approach can not be easily avoided. We should always accept failure because it shows us the approach of executing complex tasks. The thinking capacity of an individual should always be utilized to the maximum capacity to ensure that the right decisions are made. Researchers should not only concentrate on the subject matter but their concentration should be centered on how they can improve the value of the subject matter. Things are always changing and so should the long held principles.

Hunting Isnt Murder

â€Å"Hunting is murder? I think NOT! † 1. Is hunting murder? This is something that people should think about. Many people walk around and believe that hunting is truly murder and think that they are completely right about this. However, I believe strongly that hunting is not murder and I will explain and prove why it is not murder. Murder is defined as: 1. The unlawful killing of one human by another, especially with premeditated malice. (murder,1) 2. To kill brutally or inhumanly. (murder,1) Now looking at these words in these definitions I can prove that hunting can not fall under the category of murder.Unlawful is defined as something that is illegal. (unlawful, 1) Therefore, I can make my first point on how hunting is not illegal. Yes there are times when it can be illegal if people are hunting the wrong time of year or don’t have their license. However, that is not what we are concerned about, when it comes down to it the majority of people who hunt do it legally and if they don’t then they are fined and even in some cases jailed. Next, human is defined as having or showing those positive aspects of nature and character regarded as distinguishing humans from other animals. human, 1) No animals are not human, and yes they are living things, but they are not homo sapiens. I don’t care what people say there is no way you can prove that a deer, goose, duck, or turkey is under the category of a homo sapien.With knowing this I can also state that hunting can therefore not be considered murder by definition. Next in the definition of murder it states that murder is the killing of a human with premeditated malice. Malice is defined as a desire to harm others or to see others suffer; extreme ill will or spite. Malice, 1) Yes, many people like myself hunt as a sport. However, many people don’t realize that we don’t do this because we like to kill and watch animals suffer, but in fact we do this because we love nature and a nimals and we do not want to see them suffer. Hunting is legal as a sport, because the government knows that there are mass populations of animals that need to be made smaller in order to keep the populations strong. The Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, better known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, was passed by Congress in 1937.Pittman-Robertson placed a Federal excise tax on hunting equipment of many kinds, including guns and ammo (11 percent tax on sporting arms, ammunition, and archery equipment, and a 10 percent tax on handguns). (Category, 1) With the overwhelming support of hunters across the USA, this Act directed that money produced by this additional tax on our gear be used to provide funding for the selection, restoration, rehabilitation and improvement of wildlife habitat, wildlife management research, and the distribution of information produced by the projects.It was later amended (1970) to include funding for hunter training programs and the development, operatio n and maintenance of public target ranges. (Category, 1) Many hunters love and care about the animals they are hunting and do not do it in spite of the animals or to watch them suffer. The last keyword I want to talk about in the definition of murder is to kill brutally. Brutally is defined as extremely ruthless and cruel. I don’t know if people know much about starvation, but I have been taught about how painful of a disease it is to go through.Starved animals are generally emaciated, their fat stores are depleted, their body catabolizes the protein from their muscles, and leaves them in severe pain and anguish. I would have to say that I would much rather have a bullet but through my chest then I would want to have to go through the pain of starvation. As long as there are hunters, we will be able to have control over animal starvation and be able to keep it at a minimum. Many people question me when I tell them I am a hunter and like to go on about how cruel it is and wond er how I am able to kill an innocent animal.I explain that as a hunter I love animals and that is why I hunt. It is tough to convince someone when their mind is already made up, but I like to try. I hunt for many reasons. Some of which are for adventure, the feel of satisfaction of a job well done, the sense of being closer to nature and yes, for the kill. I explain that I hunt for the joy of the hunt. Also, that thousands of years ago hunters told their stories and honored their animals with pictographs. I don’t know if people often use pictographs anymore, but we do the same thing in a different way.Rather than painting on walls, we now mount animals on walls. Like our ancestors, we share the meat with our families and friends. I also know of people who take meat from animals they have hunted and donate it to people in need. Hunting is not something I do to just pass time. Hunting is a way of life for me, and I am just grateful that I am able to enjoy it. Take a look at my reasoning of why I believe hunting can not be considered murder, do you think hunting is murder?Works cited Brutally – Definition of Brutally by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Category, By. â€Å"A Discussion of Who Hunters Are and What They Do for Wildlife, Habitat, and Folks Who Don't Even Hunt. † Hunting and Shooting. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Human – Definition of Human by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Malice – Definition of Malice by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Murder – Definition of Murder by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus a nd Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Unlawful – Definition of Unlawful by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. † Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – The Free Dictionary. Jan. -Feb. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. .

Books can change our lives Essay

Books significantly impact and shape our lives as it can provide a vast and constant amount of knowledge that we can use in a variety of ways. They are also essential tools in education as they serve as permanent references for individuals who constantly need to educate or update themselves with information. In addition, certain books can also serve as a form of relief from the stresses of daily life by bringing us to different worlds and places that exists only in the imagination. One of the most important uses of a book is that it provides information. Whether it’s simply a basic chemical formula or equation, an economic principle, or a history of a certain country, a book can provide them all. A book on English, for example, can teach us the proper norms of grammar, pronunciation, and also widen our vocabulary, which can all be useful as we grow up and become professionals in our respective fields. Furthermore, in the field of medicine, books serve as important references for doctors and other health personnel as there are constantly new diseases and cures that are being discovered. These professionals in the health field can utilize the valuable information they obtain from a book in various ways such as diagnosing a patient’s disease or looking up a possible treatment for a certain illness or ailment. In other words, the next scientific or medical breakthrough can be found in a book. Books can also enrich our knowledge of our own culture and background. Through a good history book, we can trace how our founding fathers established our country or how the Bill of Rights was created. In short, books that provide facts and detailed information can greatly improve our intellectual capacity as well as our ability reasoning and analytical skills which we often use in our daily lives. Another way that a book can change our lives is that it inspires and feeds our imagination. This kind of book is usually in the form of fictional novels, plays, and rich literature that can take us to places we never thought we could go to. Whether it’s marveling at the works of Shakespeare, unraveling spooky mysteries with Stephen King’s novels or simply taking a stroll with the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, books that are rich in literature and creativity can inspire us to create a world similar to those that we have read about. Moreover, these kinds of books provide deeper meaning in life by showing various sides of art and various interpretations of human life. These books can also give us different perspectives in life and can even motivate us to use and express our creative skills by writing books of our own. However, the most significant way that a book can change our lives is that the information that it provides can be shared to other people. This information can enlighten those who are confused and enhance the knowledge of those who are already well-informed. Sharing the information found in books, especially to the uneducated, can inspire them to work hard and eventually provide a better life for themselves. For example, it is possible that a relatively poor man who constantly reads good books can eventually obtain a college degree simply because he used all the information he acquired from the books he has read. It can then be said that reading books and sharing the information obtained from them can immortalize us in a way as the knowledge we posses is passed down to younger and future generations. In conclusion, books can change our lives by simply providing us with in-depth information, sources of inspiration, and valuable knowledge that we can use to continuously hone our skills and talents and eventually become better people. Books can make us the next Nobel Prize Awardee, the next CEO of a major corporation, or the next award-winning writer in the future depending on how we use the information we acquire from them. In short, it can be deduced that books are almost a necessity for us to succeed in life and become highly competent and well-rounded persons.

An Analysis of the Rampant Food Waste America Produce

An Analysis of the Rampant Food Waste America Produce In my opinion the relationship between America and food is horrendous. Yes, throughout the states and different regions of America there are many takes on food, transforming it into creative and tasteful dishes. Maybe garnished with a sprig of some fancy tree that you’re not going to eat because who eats that junk? So, like many other foods, the garnish is thrown out and wasted. The wastefulness of our modern society branches out all through industries such as fast food, markets, and restaurants.Countless times fast food restaurants dump out food that was not sold: burgers, fries, chicken nuggets. All this food which was still edible is discarded. To think we could have still used this food or given it to someone who needed it, but rather kept it from them and took away the chance of anyone using it seems monstrous, but hey, that’s America. Everything revolves around some form of profit, so theres no time to get rid of that food for free. On the other side of fast food restaurants, there are the top of the line restaurants who work more on the aesthetic side of their food rather than the quality and taste which begins to create a sort of expectation from the people. We want our food to be flawless, and satisfy our eyes. There can be no burnt pieces of meat, no discolored pieces of ripe fruit, nothing that we see as flawed, and if it is, then its thrown out and wasted. So as we have the fast food restaurants literally just throwing out food, we have our top of the line restaurants shaping how we view good and bad food which ultimately leads us to also end up throwing out food. Not only do these top of the line restaurants influence how we view good food, but the agribusinesses as well, such as Walmart. We walk into a store and see an extreme abundance of colorful fruits and vegetables yet that does not phase us, although a majority of those fruits and vegetable wont be bought because of some small flaw which doesnt really affect anything about them. We take this abundance of food for granted and rather than actually having the thought of buying food for our own sustenance, we have the thought of buying the best looking fruit. So instead of buying those 5 apples which all have flaws, we choose not to buy them and ultimately they get wasted, just like so many other foods that we take for granted in America.